The Hunger Of Hunger By Penelope Cruz - 823 Words

Jacqueline March Dupont Challenge Agriscience January 26, 2015 Fighting Hunger As Penelope Cruz stated, â€Å"We need to stop the dying and start the living; stop the hunger and start the hoping.† At this moment there are approximately 842 million people worldwide that are hungry. This is about 1 of every 8th person you see. That’s over 2.5 times the population of the United States. In 2012, more than 18,000 children younger than 5 died every day; most from preventable causes. It’s estimated that nearly 8,000 of these deaths were tied to hunger. That’s about one every 10 seconds. Most of these kids died not from starvation, but from malnutrition. Malnutrition means going too long without the right kind of food. Eating just enough to stay alive had weakened their bodies so much that disease could come through and strike the final blow. In 2014, approximately 49 million Americans Struggled with Hunger, and continue to struggle each and every day. There are people all around us that are hungry, and no one ever notices. But why don’t we notice? They are everywhere. They’re in our schools, on our sports teams and in our community. It may be that we are too focused on our own wealth and family we don’t care or think to help others. Those around us are similar; those who starve may have no major noticeable physical differences than the rest of us. This is why we don’t notice those in need. Sometimes The average American family of four ends up throwing away an equivalent of up toShow MoreRelatedEssay about Celebrity Activists in Contemporary Society3637 Words   |  15 PagesAmerican aid organizations, including Bread for the World and Mercy Corps. The list of celebrity participants on their website includes stars such as Bono (the campaign’s most prominent spokesperson), Matt Damon, George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Tom Hanks, Penelope Cruz, and Dave Matthews (2006 ONE). In the About ONE section of the ONE Campaign’s website, one of the questions listed is â€Å"Why use celebrity spokespersons?† The answer is this: Everyone does what they can–whether its getting our issues onRead MoreTraffic, Directed by Steven Soderbergh Essay3306 Words   |  14 Pages Traffic. Dir. Steven Soderbergh. Perf. Michael Douglas, Benicio Del Toro, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Dennis Quaid. USA Films, 2000. Blow. Dir. Ted Demme. Perf. Johnny Depp, Penelope Cruz, Paul Reubens, Ray Liotta. New Line Cinema, 2001. 1. Just as the intoxicating sensations of different drugs are incommensurable with one another, so films about different drugs tend to have radically different themes and effects. In American popular culture perhaps the illegalRead MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesHiggins (SM+IM) Concepts in Federal Taxation 2013, 20th Edition_Kevin E. Murphy,Mark Higgins (SM+IM+TB) Concepts in Strategic Management Business Policy, 12E_Thomas L. Wheelen,J. David Hunger (SM+TB) Concepts in Strategic Management and Business Policy Toward Global Sustainability, 13E_Thomas L. Wheelen,J. David Hunger (SM+TB ) Concepts of Genetics Plus MasteringGenetics -- Access Card Package, 10E_William S. Klug,Michael R. Cummings,Charlotte A. Spencer,Michael A. Palladino (TB) Conceptual Chemistry

Argumentive Essay Fraternities and Sorrorities - 1735 Words

Against Fraternities/Sororities As portrayed in the 1978 hit movie Animal House, college fraternities/sororities are a hotbed of excessive drinking, casual sex, vandalism, and generally licentious behavior. But, in real life, unlike the movie, the results of such conduct are hardly laughable. Even though the nationwide membership in both fraternities and sororities are at an all time high of 350,000 members, fraternities and sororities are still receiving harsh criticism from university leaders and civic authorities. In the face of several recent incidents, fraternity and sorority behaviors can no longer be viewed as harmless school boy or school girl high jinks, but must be seen for what it truly is, a dangerous threat to the†¦show more content†¦Although not as dangerous as hazing, the problem of racism among fraternities and sororities are also a growing problem. At the University of Southern California, in Thomas 4 2003, members of a rival fraternity spray painted anti-Semitic slogans on the sidewalk in front of a Jewish fraternity house. In another disgraceful episode, at Oklahoma State University, Sigma Alpha Epsilon brothers were reprimanded after holding a â€Å"plantation party,† during which several members masqueraded as black slaves.(Inside Greek U: Fraternities, Sororities and the Pursuit of Pleasure, Power and Prestige 1-125). Kappa Alpha chapters, traditionally strong in the Southeast, hold â€Å"Old South† parties annually. At these parties, females dress as southern belles while the K. A.s don Confederate Army uniforms in a satirical reenactment of the days when slavery prevailed. A Fiji Island party at the University of Wisconsin was halted after college officials deemed the tropical garb and black makeup worn by the brothers as racially offensive. Similarly, the Delta Kappa Epsilon at Louisiana’s Tulane University blackened their faces during the 30 annual â €Å"Debut

Comitatus Anglo Saxon Free Essays

The phrase comitatus is exceedingly important in Anglo-Saxon culture, and is demonstrated profoundly in Anglo-Saxon texts. Comitatus means fellowship, particularly an allegiance between a chieftain and his men. This phrase refers to a very important tradition during the times of the Anglo-Saxons. We will write a custom essay sample on Comitatus: Anglo Saxon or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was so important because these men were constantly protecting their people from outside attacks and invasions and the comitatus was the bond that held these men together and that is what they lived for. Specific Anglo-Saxon texts where comitatus is eminently portrayed is Beowulf, The Wanderer, and The Seafarer. Beowulf is an Old-English written epic, during the Anglo-Saxon period in which a hero, Beowulf, is shown battling three different agons throughout his life. Comitatus is tremendously present throughout this entire story. For example Beowulf sails to Denmark with fourteen warriors to defeat Grendel, out of respect and to protect their allies, the Danes. This shows Comitatus because Beowulf is not only trusting of his men, but also risking his life for good riddance with King Hrothgar of Denmark. The reason to why Beowulf must defeat the Grendel is because of comitatus as well, because the Danes night in and night out were strengthening their friendship in the mead-hall, Heorot, and Grendel became jealous of this â€Å"fellowship. † Another example of comitatus in Beowulf is when Beowulf is fighting the dragon and Wiglaf comes in and helps Beowulf win out of respect for his leader and his accomplishments. Comitatus is presented numerously throughout Beowulf and represents the ideals and way of life of the Anglo-Saxons. The Wanderer is an Anglo-Saxon poem in which a warrior longs for old times, as he nostalgically ponders when he served his lord as well as feasted with his friends. The wanderer in the story has lost his fellow warriors and lord in battle, and now walks alone in exile. This poem shows the wanderer remembering times of comitatus and wishing those times were once again subsisting. He recalls his comrades and the costly hall gifts of his gracious gold friend, which he gave him in youth. † (ln. 34-35) The wanderer dreams of seeing his lord, kissing him and experiencing pleasure of doing him favors. At the end of the poem the man talks of the present times and his soul becoming sick and dark, because comitatus is no longer a value in his life. In the Anglo-Saxon poem The Seafarer, it is much like The Wanderer in which the speaker of the poem dreams of times with fellow ship or comitatus. The man in the poem is out at sea, as days go by and he sits in the freezing cold jealous of men blessed with happy land-life. â€Å"The swan’s blare my seldom amusement; for men’s laughter there was curlew call, there were the cries of gannets, for mead-drinking the music of the gull. † (ln. 23-26) The seafarer wants to be with his people drinking mead and listening to music and stories, otherwise known as comitatus. He speaks of his despairing mind and how there is no friend or brother or around to share his thoughts with. He also says that no man is likely to guess how he has wasted whole winters, cut off from kind. The Seafarer truly displays the sorrow of the speaker and really portrays the importance of comitatus in one’s life, because without it he is devastated. Anglo-Saxons based their entire lives and worthiness off of comitatus, as well as making a name for themselves. These values feed off one another because while making a name for yourself you want to have others to share it with in order to make it worthy. Comitatus is evident in many Anglo-Saxon texts and is validated in Beowulf, The Wanderer, and The Seafarer. In Beowulf comitatus is constantly shown on a regular basis and is present many times throughout the story. In The Wanderer, and The Seafarer, comitatus is not present, but rather the men of these stories wish that it was in their lives at the time. The constant display of this value as well as the desire to have comitatus in one’s life shows just how important it is in the life of an Anglo-Saxon. How to cite Comitatus: Anglo Saxon, Essay examples

Chapter 11 Essay Example For Students

Chapter 11 Essay Journal 42/22/04 . 4. (a) This is true, as stated in the textbook, Any synthetic ornatural chemical can be harmful if ingested in a large quantity. Alsosome chemicals that are not toxic can be more dangerous then toxicchemicals. It all matters on the chemical concentration and on theamount of detection are found. (b) This statement is true in some part, small dosages or smallexposures to toxic chemicals we should not worry about because ourbody can genetically adapt and clear out such chemicals. There arethree ways that it is possible to be exposed to harmful chemicals andhave there effects be insignificant. Enzymes found in the liver helpbreak down, dilute or excrete small amounts of most toxins to keepthem from reaching a harmful level. Individual cells have enzymes thatcan repair damage to DNA and protein molecules. And, cells in someparts of the body reproduce fast enough to replace damaged cells. (c) This is not true; genetic engineering can not reduce or eliminateall types of exposures to toxic chemicals especially if we are facedwith a large abundance of a certain type of toxic chemical. . 6. I think that pollution levels should be set to protect everyoneincluding the most sensitive and the average person. The mostsensitive people so not make up most of the population but they domake up some of it and they also deserve to be able and go outsidetoo. Also, if the population outside effects the most sensitive personit probably also effects the average person but at a different level. I think it is beneficial to all to set the population level to protecteveryone. . 7. (a) Lifestyle1. I go tanning ( skin cancer 2. Drive a car ( car crash 3. Take airplanes ( plane crash 4. Drink alcohol 5. I dont eat that healthy or really exercise (b) Live in a city 1. Can get hit by a car or t 2. Pollution 3. Around smokers (second hand smoke 4. Everyone lives pretty close to one another ( can catchillnesses 5. (c) What you do for a living ( Student 1. Stress 2. Can get sick easily ( always around people 3. 4. 5. Some of these risks are voluntary and some are involuntary. Goingtanning, drinking alcohol, not eating healthy, not exercising are allvoluntary risks. If I want I can do something to avoid the risk. Whileother risks you can not avoid such as the pollution in your area Reduction of risks:1. Eat Healthy2. Exercise3. Be aware of your surrounding4. Avoid dangerous situations5. Do not to drink alcohol or do drugsI actually plan on trying to be aware of my surrounding; I thinkthat this one is very important this can avoid a lot of risks. Ialso plan on trying to eat healthy which will probably happenfor a day or two and then I will most likely go back to my oldways. I would like to say that I will exercise but I do not haveenergy to, when ever I think of exercise I never want to do it,I rather watch TV. I never try and get myself in dangeroussituations, so I think that will be easy to part take in. I donot do drugs but I do drink which I probably will not change orstop. Chapter 12 . 2. It is rational for a poor couple in a developing country to havefour or five children. This is true because the more children you havethe more children you can send off to work and make money for thefamily to survive. Also, in developing countries the infant mortalityrate is very high, so some of the children that a family might havewill die at an early age because they do not have proper resources. .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834 , .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834 .postImageUrl , .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834 , .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834:hover , .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834:visited , .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834:active { border:0!important; } .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834:active , .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834 .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3f15f24528610fa81c62c9961d363834:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: American Labor Movement: Development of Unions EssaySome changes that might induce such a couple to consider theirbehavior irrational is that the infant mortality rate might decreaseand also there is less need for their children to work, so they do notneed as many kids. Having that many kids would serve as a negativebecause they do not need to work but their family does still have totake care of them, so there are more mouths that need to be fed. . 4. This would not immediately stop global population growth because ofthe age structure. The age structure is the proportion of thepopulation at each age level. It would take at least another 50 yearsto stabilize the pollution growth. . 8. (a) I agree, if the United States want to try and achieve a certainnumber of population growth then they have to reduce the amount ofimmigrants they allow into the country. (b) This should be done by watching the borders more carefully andmore strictly and making sure that they do not let in too many people. Also we should put a limit on how many people can become citizens eachyear to try and reduce the amounts of immigrants. Also, maybe weshould have stricter laws about illegal immigrants and what happenswhen we find them in the United States. (c) I disagree, I do not think that the Untied States should givefamilies financial incentives to have more children to preventeventual population declines. I think this because if money isinvolved it is very likely that a lot of families are going to wantand partake in this and this can cause a reverse effect of what theyplanned it would cause an overpopulation, which would be anotherproblem. (d) I agree, I think it would be a good idea to try and stabilize thepopulation. If this is done, then we can reduce unnecessary resourcewaste and consumption because we would know how much we need toproduce according to the population and in return we would have lesswaste. Also, if there are less people then there would less wastealtogether, which would help with our pollution levels in the UnitedStates. (d) I agree, I think that everyone should have the right to have asmany children as they want as long as they are able to support thekids financial and they are not depending on the government for money. Even though it goes against my response for question d aboutstabilizing the population because you can not possible stabilizes thepopulation if you allow everyone to have as many children as theywant.

7 New Year’s Resolutions For Students

Now that it's December and all of the Christmas decorations are unavoidable, we've cast our minds further to thinking about the New Year. Although we believe New Year's Resolutions can and should be made any time of the year, at Essay Writing Service UK we've come up with seven resolutions all students should consider in order to start 2015 off well. Get more organised Stick to a more organised way of working. Make the most of your learning style and embrace what works best for you. Whether it's coloured post-it notes, a long to-do list, mindmaps, or picture cards, there are a number of ways to integrate a more organised routine of life and work into your time at university. Schedules and timetables can help you to juggle work and socials better. Setting down these ways of working early will allow you to progress further when it comes to the future of employment too. Proving that you can handle overlapping deadlines and manage time effectively are both essential skills to many employers. Keep CV updated If your CV hasn't been updated since you first applied to university then things need to change! Regardless of whether you are looking for a job or further education opportunities imminently, try to find time to keep your CV up to date. This will prevent you from forgetting any new skills you have learnt, or achievements and certificates you have acquired. Include any work experience, volunteering and societies, as well as a detailed account of your progressive skills gained during university. The more you work on your CV, the better it will be. Linkedin is also a great place to keep an online copy of your CV. As a social network for business, potential employers can easily access your information, making this great for future job opportunities. Cut down on distractions (via ZD Net) With the rise of social media, digital platforms, and portable devices, there are even more ways to procrastinate from doing work. Try to cut down on all of these distractions by limiting the use of your phone or the number of TV shows you watch for example. When you sit down to work, leave you phone on the other side of the room, in a closed drawer or even switched off. Just knowing that you can't access it will allow you to concentrate better. Also save that next TV episode as a reward for doing work! Stay on top of the housework Many student houses are guilty of pushing the housework to one side. Don't become that one messy housemate that everyone else is left to clean up after though. Commit yourself to staying on top of the housework. Washing up your dishes straight after a meal and cleaning the kitchen work surfaces as you go will be quicker in the long run. Work out a rota within your house for cleaning communal areas such as the bathroom and hallways. A clean house will set you more at ease, helping you to prioritise work and deadlines. You can avoid those unnecessary arguments with your housemates too! Spend and budget wisely (via Rand) By the end of the year you should have a good assessment of your finances. Admittedly, Freshers Week and Christmas might have made a more significant dent in your bank account but seriously address your spendings. Budgeting wisely is essential during university to avoid coming out with an even higher student debt. You may find that you have been spending too much on clothing, electronic items or alcohol, for example, so this could be changed. Limit the number of treats' to save you pennies. Look into volunteering One of the most rewarding things you can do is get involved with volunteering opportunities. Help out with your local community or on campus and make a difference to the people around you. You may not get paid for your time but dedicating your time and skills to different projects will help you to gather all of the skills you would do in a paid job...and more! Volunteering hours looks great on your CV and show a general interest outside of your studies and social life. Have a look to see what you can get involved in. Join sports clubs or societies As well as the academic and social side of university, sports clubs and societies are a big part of university culture. Your time at university might be the only chance for you to try out new sports or enrol in different clubs. Make the most of what your university has to offer and get involved in anything that takes your fancy. If you've always want to have a go at ballet or you miss playing football for your school team, look into the university's clubs. Even if things don't work out you can say you tried! Whether you decide to do a few or all of these things, make the most of your time at university, and benefit from a more organised and eclectic experience. At Essay Writing Service UK we can help get your essay and writing skills on track. Simply contact us today for advice and guidance. Don't forget to check out the rest of our blog for more tips to get you through your time in education.

Intro Afro American Studies Bi-Weekly #2 Essays - Free Essays

Intro Afro American Studies Bi-Weekly #2 Essays - Free Essays October 1, 2015 Intro Afro American Studies Bi-Weekly #2 How did Africans preserve and affirm their way of life and use their identities as a means of enslavement? Abstract: The main goal of slavery is usually to deny victims their native cultural identity and sovereign. Africans were derived of their cultural habitats and identity; they were expected to abandon African heritage and to adopt the European lifestyle. Africans could not keep their traditions because it was seen as offensive under whites. Africans blended Catholicism. They took cultures they brought them and blended them with the things around them and allowed them to continue to be human the world (Dr.Carr). However, we are able to differentiate African culture from European culture. To certain people, this has been explained as a form of oppression but in reality it was just Africans refusing to conform. Africans will always hold onto their culture even if we are under relentless attacks and various powers from outside forces. Culture never dies, its passed on; that is why it changes. (Dr.Carr) and by using this quote, it expresses the fact that Africans dont break lines in Afric an culture. Critical Review of Scholarship: e sources I will be looking at are Eloquence of the Scribes and African Women, Resistance Cultures and Cultural Resistance to analyze how literature and cultural movements played a part in the resistance of African people against European people as a whole and womens impact in the 20th century. During class, we talked about how the color line belts the world. This phrase meant color discrimination. During the 20th century, there was human hate and prejudice, which caused endless evil to all men. Throughout history, Africans have lost their value of living in the way of their ancestors due to the fact that Europeans want to keep their history alive by installing their history into African minds. (From deriving African culture, the future of Africa is still in the stage of European colonization. I am going to express how the Puritans and enslaved African-Americans affirmed their culture. Discussion: The Puritans, African Americans and Native Americans affirmed their identity in Colonial America through oral traditions, songs and rituals, which were a cultural movement meaning. The Puritans affirmed their identity through religious beliefs and theocracy. Since the Puritans storyteller stories are based on the bible, most children were inaccessible to reality. Children grew up on the same beliefs as their elders and grandparents. All Puritans were considered sinning because of the teachings of the bible. They believed in predestination, which means those selected by God are saved and go to Heaven yet the other Puritans respected hard work. They used their theocracy to complete their utopian society and have made their first appearance by historians if they achieved their dream. The Puritans did affirm their beliefs through cultural movements by their storytelling by their theocracy and achievement of their utopian society. Enslaved African-Americans affirmed their identity through their development resistance towards slavery, sacred songs and their storytelling also. Although, storytelling has existed in many cultures, but existed for different reasons than that of the Puritans. After a long harsh life, enslaved African Americans began to imagine and dream of freedom. Most slaves had got an education, learned how to speak English and sing. Being a slave herself, Harriet Tubman, helped other slaves escape by singing songs. During the 20th century women sung songs, what are referred to today as negro spirituals as a way to pass the time while in the labor workforce. The songs contained encrypted messages about the African culture in a simple form. (Kuumba M. Bahati. African Women, Resistance Cultures and Cultural Resistance). They also sung songs as a resistance against the Europeans and kept their culture alive. One sacred song called Follow the Drinking Gourd was the North Star to freedom and up north U.S. This song motivated slaves to seek freedom. When a slave became a free slave, their happiness belonged to those that paved the way for them and risked their lives. The enslaved African-Americans of colonial times truly affirmed their culture and identity their courage and determination of freedom will be remembered for many years. All of the races, cultures, and traditions whether they

Measured Building Survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Measured Building Survey - Essay Example It comments on the current state of all parts of the structure. These parts of the building are physically inspected but limited to the scope of services offered by the building surveyor. Major defects survey is also referred to as main elements survey. For this type of survey, focus is on the main parts of the structure. Inspection and report concentrate on selected areas like roofs, floors, ceilings and windows. The home buyer report survey is standardized, covering main aspects of the structure but not detailed. It is restricted only to accessible parts of the structure. Specific survey narrows down the scope of survey to particular parts of a property depending on the owner’s knowledge (Douglas, and Noy, 2011 P.8). In most cases, building survey is advocated for buildings that lack documentation or they cannot be used. However, it assists in developing reliable and an accurate document and or a verification of an existing document. This makes building survey an essential a ctivity in the planning process as well as providing detailed information for further planning activities. The methods of survey used are: field sketch, dimensioned sketch, tape and offset survey or extended baseline survey and plane table and alidade survey. The best survey is achieved through a combination of these three methods (Scotland’s Rural Past, 2005, p.6). Sketches, plans and accurate geometric data together with information gathered from survey are combined and structured properly. These parameters are used to derive an actual design and planning process. The first step towards building survey is taking of measurements on site by use of conventional equipment like measuring stick or optical distance meters. Sophisticated surveying techniques like tachometry, laser scanner and photogrammetry are used (.Douglas, and Noy 2011, p.34). The next steps involve combining the measurements to produce details, sections and elevation of the property that are derived from plan. According to RICS (2007, p.30), any residential property is defined by linear measurement but not from floor area. Measurements are taken from a point not greater than 1.5 meters above the floor and skirting board. Recesses, bays and the like are excluded in the measurements taken. The room area should include kitchen units, cupboards and the like although it must be identified separately. When taking garage measurements, the span between main walls faces internally are of importance. Risk Assessment Some of the factors to consider in risk assessment are: Critical areas of concern in relation to residential property. Considerations from building codes and seismic zones. How to get information in relation to resources, skills and ability to investigate what you are not familiar with. Commitment to the task of checking and confirming details in the design. From the plan, elevations and sections developed from survey, the form, dimensions, orientation, natural lighting, ventilation an d spatial organizations of occupants assist in redesigning a new property. Issues required in designing of a house and their relevance as well as recommendations is considered. This is what is called risk assessment that aims at construction of safer homes. The main risks for property are; fire, harsh environment, floods, cyclones and earthquakes. The main services are drainage, gas, electricity and water. The

The Impact of Changes to Financial Management and Organizational Research Paper

The Impact of Changes to Financial Management and Organizational Culture - Research Paper Example Australian Industrial Relations of collective bargaining coverage too is falling, albeit under a quite different set of circumstances. Let us start with the obvious: Australia is a federation of states and territories. Nolan (1998) has provided a useful perspective of the Australian labour law reforms in the latter half of the last decade of the previous century. His concept was to undertake Australia as a federation and then state by state analyzing the status, of collective bargaining. Multi-employer awards, procured through conciliation and arbitration, at both federal and state level, were historically the primary forms of wage fixing. In 1990 such awards were estimated to cover some 5,652,200 employees – about 80 per cent of the labour force (McCarry, 1998). At the federal level in Australia, enterprise bargaining has been promoted through the Reform Act 1993, amending the Industrial Relations Act 1988 and the Workplace Relations Act 1996. (Patterson, 2001) The 1993 amend ment allowed for certified agreements and enterprise flexibility agreements; the Workplace Relations Act restricted the nature of awards and provided for Australian Workplace Agreements. Both certified agreements and Australian Workplace Agreements can be union-free and individual employment contracts. According to ACIRRT (1999) at this situation level, only New South Wales and Queensland (both underneath industry governments) have promoted legislation painstaking to protect reconciliation and arbitration and multi-employer awards. Victoria has ceded its industrial relations powers to the Federation; Western Australia has adopted a voluntarism system that has spread rapidly.

Event management a report) Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Event management a ) - Lab Report Example The event will mainly be focused on musical elements of singing and dancing, as these are the main aspects which define music. Upcom Music Festival will be held at the Royal Festival Hall in London. The city of London has a large populations and has been hosting many music concerts and festival in the past (Quinn 2005). The Royal festival Hall is large capacity hall capable of sitting 2500 people who will be attending the festival. This presents a perfect location that will provide an ambient environment for both the performers and audience. With a large number of other amenities like restaurants available within the hall, other needs of the attendants will be catered for within the same location (Holmes 2011). The architectural design of the hall has been established to support musical performances and this provides the perfect location for hosting this music festival. The event will take place during the summer period in the month of July for a duration of four (4) days. This period presents a perfect time for many of the young individuals to be able to attend the festival as they remain the main target audience. The event will be conducted during the school holidays to ensure that the school going teenagers have an opportunity to attend all the four days of the event if possible. This will ensure that the venue capacity becomes fully maximised through large attendance of the target individuals (Bowen & Daniels 2005). The event will be a platform for showcasing music talent while providing entertainment to the attendants of the festival. The performances during the festival will be undertaken by some established musicians who will be invited by the event organiser. The key performances however, will be by the upcoming musicians who are the main target for the event as it seeks to promote musical talent (Burnard 2012). The festival will be aimed at achieving the following objectives. The music industry is one of

Corrosion Inhibition of Metal Using Lawsonia Inermis Extract

Corrosion Inhibition of Metal Using Lawsonia Inermis Extract Introduction Metal and alloy are widely used in various fields of industries. It’s commonly used in big industries such as manufacturing, processing and others. But metal and alloy used tend to face the corroded state due to the exposure to different chemical and substances that can lead to the corrosion. This phenomenon has become important especially in acidic media because of the increased industrial applications of acid solutions. For examples in industrial refining crude oil, acid pickling, industrial cleaning, acid descaling, oil-well acid in oil recovery and the petrochemical processes. Corrosion happens when the equipment surface was attacked by a strong acid. So in order to prevent the corrosion happen, inhibitors have been used to reduce the rate of metal corrosion. Corrosion inhibitor is a chemical that can slow down the acid attacked which can lead to the corrosion on the drill pipe, tubing or any other metal that contacted with acid during treatment. This chemical when added even in small concentration on corrosive media, it will prevent the reaction between metal and media. Many studies have been carried out to find the suitable compound that can be used as inhibitors. These studies reported that, both synthetic compound and plant extract can be used as corrosion inhibitors. But, usage synthetic compound as inhibitor has been limited. Most of them are highly toxic to both human and environmental. Therefore, non-toxic and natural inhibitors such as plant extract have been used because of their environmentally acceptable, readily available and renewable source. One of the plant extract that have been used as inhibitor is Lawsonia inermis (henna leaves) extract. Henna is an herb which has dyeing properties used in Asia and North Africa. Inhibitive action of henna extract as a cheap, eco-friendly and naturally occurring inhibition on some metal such as aluminium, iron, zinc and nickel in acidic, neutral and alkaline solution has been investigated. Literature Review In order to avoid from use synthetic compound, there are other alternative compound which can be used as an inhibitor. Previous research has been carried out and proved that plant extract can be use in corrosion inhibition. Plant extract consists of chemical compositions lead to prevent metal from corroded. But Buchweishaija (2008) state that among of the plant extract, Lawsonia inermis (henna leaves) was the good one due to the high inhibition efficiency of henna leaves extract. Furthermore, the large amount of henna leaves exist which makes it easy to find it in the Asia and North Africa. Also the most important thing is the unique chemical composition present in Lawsonia inermis by functioning as an inhibitor.    Chemical Composition of Henna Leaves Research was carried out to determine the chemical composition contain in henna leaves that can act as corrosion inhibitor. It has been discovered that henna leaves contain soluble matter, Lawsone (2- Hydroxyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, C10H6O3), gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, C7H6O5) and dextrose (ÃŽ ±-D-Glucose, C6H12O6) (Ostovari et al., 2009). Henna leaves also contain other chemical such as resin, coumarins, sterols and tannin (Ostovari et al., 2009). The main components of henna extract are hydroxy aromatic compound like tannin and Lawsone. Tannin or also known as tannic acid present with a core glucose and methyl gallate groups (El-Etre et al., 2005). Tannin which acts as an inhibitor attributes the formation of a passivating layer of tannates on the metal surface (Boot Mercer, 1964). Besides, Lawsone also a main part of henna extract that had been mentioned earlier. The structure of Lawsone is shown in Figure 2.1 below. Figure 2.1: Lawsone structure (C10H6O3) (Hamdy Nour, 2012) The Figure 2.1 above shows that, Lawsone structure consists of benzene, p-benzoquinone and phenolic group (Abdolahi Shadizadeh, 2012). By looking at the structure in Lawsone, we can know that henna extract is an organic compound and the IUPAC name for the Lawsone structure is 2-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone (Rajedran et al., 2009). Lawsone molecule is a ligand that can chelate with various metal cations and then forming a complex compound. So it can perform corrosion inhibition on metal through absorption method (Ostovari et al., 2009). Mechanism of inhibition The mechanism of inhibition involves blocking metal surface by inhibiting through adsorption. Adsorption process is affected by nature of metal and chemical structure of the inhibitor (Ostovari et al., 2009). The obtain results from previous studies indicate that Lawsonia inermis extract achieve good inhibition for the corrosion of any metal such as C-steel, nickel, and zinc in various mediums of solution (El-Etre et al.,2005). To perform the inhibitory action, there are some components in henna extract which will act as inhibitors. As had been stated earlier, the main components of Lawsonia inermis extract are hydroxy aromatic compound which consists tannin and Lawsone (El-Etre et al., 2005). Both tannin and Lawsone have its own function and mechanism to perform the inhibition action between the metal and henna extract successfully. Tannin The first component is tannin. The inhibitive action of tannin was ascribed to the establishment of a passivating layer of tannates on the metal surface (Rajagopalan et al., 1969; Booth Mercer, 1964). The formation of complex compounds with different metal cations can be form by tannin component especially in the basic media. El-Etre et al. (2005) reported that the formation of tannin complexes may be working well for the inhibition in the alkaline media rather than acidic solution it because tannins are limited inhibition in acidic media. Thus, tannin component in Lawsonia inermis extract is suitable to use in the manufacture of anti-rusting paints and coating. Lawsone The other main element in the Lawsonia inermis extract is Lawsone which has higher concentration than other elements. Lawsone molecule is a ligand that can chelate with metal cations which will form complex compounds. Ligands typically consist in organic compound. Insoluble complex was formed when metal cations combine with Lawsone molecule and it was absorbed on the metal surface. This is how Lawsone compound give inhibition action to the metal. There is such method that can prove the formation of metal complex which the method is conductometric titration.                           Mechanism of Conductometric Titration Method Often, conductometric titration was conducted to obtain substantial support for the formation of metal complex (Amin, 2002). Several procedures were conducted to confirm the formation of metal complexes. Conductance measurement was carried out with a Jenway 4510 conductivity meter. Lawsonia inermis extract was titrated in separated experiments with some metal in solutions that have different pH value. As the result of the titration, non-complexes of metal ion was reacted with reagent first which leads it to a reduction in the conductivity of the solution. However, the higher amount of ligand (henna extract) does not change the value of conductivity (Ostovari et al., 2009). These results signify that the formation of metal-complex through the chelation of Lawsone molecules and the metal cations with stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 and 2:1 as shown in Figure 2.2. Figure 2.2: Forms of Metal-Lawsonia complexes (El-Etre et al., 2005) So, it can be conclude that the inhibition action of Lawsone was happen and prove that henna leaves extract can act as inhibitor (Abdolahi Shadizadeh, 2012).                  Mechanism of Lawsone Rearrangement In the acidic solution or known as acidic media, aromatic compound whose structure include a cyclic delocalized Ï€-electron system are susceptible to electron delocalization, especially a ring containing only carbon such as benzene (Lide, 2006). Delocalization of Ï€-electron is to stabilize the molecule. As the bond angles of carbon in benzene are trigonal (sp2), then the ring become flat. So these angles just fit the 120o angles of a regular hexagon and this flatness allow the overlap of the p-orbitals in both directions that lead the delocalization and stabilization (Marrison Boyd, 1983). So that’s why it needs delocalization to stabilize the structure. In the other situation of Lawsone molecule in acidic media, delocalization of the lone pair of electrons on hydroxyl group takes place resulting in the rearrangement as shown in Figure 2.3. Figure 2.3: Process of electron delocalization on the Lawsone molecule (Ostovari et al., 2009) The migration of the hydrogen atom with a pair of electrons from an adjacent carbon to the carbon bearing caused the rearrangement occur. Carbon that loses the migrating group obtained the positive charge. This is the most common kind of the rearrangement which known as 1,2- rearrangement. Then, with the existence of metal cations, it will enhance the complex formation of reaction (Ostovari et al., 2009). Then the complex formation reaction of rearrangement was enhanced by adding henna extract in solution. So, the metal complexes are stabilized. The formation of these stabilized complexes between Lawsone molecule and metal cations give the high inhibition efficiencies in acidic media. Besides, Mikhael et al (2004) reported that henna constituent has antioxidant characteristic particularly by the naphthoquinones. It also state that, gallic acid also can be used as an oxygen scavenger in boiler system (Soderquist, 1990). Therefore, the oxygen scavenger characteristic of henna extract was attributed to another mechanism for inhibition. However in the acidic media, the main cathodic reaction at the surface is a hydrogen evaluation (Ait Chikh et al., 2005). Hence, the oxygen scavenging characteristic of henna is not the main responsible mechanism for the observed inhibition of henna extract. In addition, it is confirmed that the inhibition mechanism is the chemisorption of inhibitor molecule on the metal surface and it had been verified through thermodynamic parameter and conductometric titration. So as a conclusion, the main inhibitor mechanism chemisorption is through the chemisorption of inhibitor molecules on metal surface. While, the inhibitive action slightly enh anced through oxygen scavenging. (Ostovori et al, 2009). Comparison Henna Extract with Other Inhibition There is another organic compound that can be used as inhibitor besides henna extract. Previous studies has been conducted to test the inhibition efficiency of henna and five other organic compound inhibitor used in acidizing treatment. Table 2.1 show the result of inhibition efficiency of these six inhibitors. Table 2.1: Inhibition efficiency of MEA, DEA, TEA, and henna API steel (Abdollahi Shadizade, 2012) Refer to the Table 2.1 above; the inhibition efficiency was compared between Monoethanolamine (MEA), Diethanolamines (DEA), Triethanolamines (TEA), Dibenzylidene acetone (DBA), Di-N-dimethylaminobenzylidene acetone (DDABA) and henna. The inhibition efficiency of MEA, DEA, TEA and henna at temperature 28oC are 82%, 80%, 78% and 85.98% respectively. Based on the result, it shows that henna has the higher inhibition efficiency than MEA, DEA and TEA. Morever as shown in Table 2.1, the inhibition efficiency of henna extract at 28oC is higher than inhibition efficiency of DDABA with 73.8% IE. Furthermore result also shown that inhibition concentration of henna extract is less than all inhibitors with the same temperature eventhough it have higher inhibition efficiency. So we can conclude that, with the small concentration of henna leaves extract, it can act as inhibitor with higher inhibition efficiency rather than other listed inhibitors which have larger concentration but average of inhibition efficiency is low than henna extract. In addition, research still focused to the amount of henna leaves extract in order to apply it in industries as now the amount of henna is quiet small to apply it. So, the experimental must be conducted by using larger amount of henna leaves and various metals Problem Statement Nowadays, metal and alloy are widely used in various industries especially in manufacturing and processing. But the problem is the metals used tend to faced corrosive when the surface of equipment attacked by strong acid media or any other media. But mostly, acidic media are the main causes for corrosive to happen due to the increasing of industrial application an acid solution. So in order to prevent from corrosion of metal, inhibitor has been used. However the use of synthetic compound as inhibitor is extremely dangerous either to the body and the environment due to the toxicity. Thus, studies are conducted to find the non-toxic and natural inhibitors. The study shows that plant extract can be used as corrosion inhibitor. One of them is henna leaves extract. Besides being environmentally acceptable and readily available, henna leaves extract also cheap as it’s easy to find in Asia and North Africa and renewable sources. Objectives There are few objectives that has been studies in order to solve corrosion phenomenon and carried out the research on corrosion inhibitor of metal by using Lawsonia inermis extract. The objectives are: Study of corrosion inhibition of metal by using henna leaves extract. Analysis mechanism of inhibition towards metal. Investigate the differences between henna leaves extract with other inhibitor.

Estrangement in Joseph Conrads Amy Foster and in Rebecca Wests The Re

Estrangement in Joseph Conrad's Amy Foster and in Rebecca West's The Return of the Soldier The concept of male estrangement in an alien environment is portrayed in both Joseph Conrad’s short story, Amy Foster, as well as in Rebecca West’s book, The Return of the Soldier. First, there are adverse reactions to the male protagonists’ placement in their environments. The reactions vary between the protagonists and the people they come into contact with. Second, there are similarities and differences between the way the two authors chose to explore the situations presented. Third, both protagonists handle their estrangement differently. It is hard to behave appropriately when you are among peculiar customs. It seems ironic that in both instances, the protagonist has reached the alien environment from violent circumstances. In Amy Foster, the main character, Yanko Goorall, falls victim to a shipwreck, leaving him stranded in a mysterious land. For instance, Conrad writes: â€Å"†¦he was a castaway†¦washed ashore here in a storm. And for him†¦England was an undiscovered country† (Conrad 140). Upon arrival, he was desperate and in need of shelter and sustenance, causing him to appear as though he was behaving erratically. â€Å"The driver of Mr. Bradley’s milk-cart made no secret of it that he had lashed with his whip at a hairy sort of gipsy fellow who, jumping at a turn of the road†¦made a snatch at the pony’s bridle† (Conrad 145). This is justified by the narrator who claims: â€Å"Maybe that in his desperate endeavours to get help, and in his need to get in touch with some one, the poor devil had tried to stop the cart† (Con rad 145). Although Yanko had appeared to be behaving oddly, his behaviors were also responded to in a rather harsh f... ... from his present life, back to a time when he was safe and happy. In conclusion, the idea of male estrangement in an alien environment is examined in both Joseph Conrad’s fabulous short story, Amy Foster, as well as in Rebecca West’s sad tale, The Return of the Soldier. First, various reactions occur. There are the reactions to the protagonists as well as the reactions of the protagonists. Second, the authors chose to explore different situations. Despite this fact, there are a few similarities in both situations. Third, each protagonist explores his situation differently. One runs from his past, his eyes gleaming with a brighter future. The other openly embraces his past, while rejecting his present life and hoping for a second chance. There is no easy way of going about it, and it is interesting how similar yet different both of these adventures are.

Valentine’s Day

Valentine’s day is so overrated And over-hyped! A lot of people run around frothing, proclaiming their love and pledging their eternal allegiance to one another. Although it means different things to different people, many use this day for all the wrong reasons. I. e. : to show off, get free stuff, free meals etc-Etc. Ha. People even go as far as finding dates just for that one day. Crazy right? I know! When its about to be that time of the month everywhere is lit up with red stuff! I personally think it’s another way for businesses to get a lot of extra money out our pockets. If someone truly cared about you, I think you'd hear it more often than once. I mean the extra-large teddy bears, flowers, and all the excess chocolate; (which makes u gain weight anyway), and all the other stuff which is associated with v/day is cool, but why wait for that one day to show your partner how much really you care about them? Some People definitely put much emphasis on it! Why not do it all the time! I personally think that’s all part of being in a relationship. Making your significant other feel loved and appreciated all the time. This should be a PRIORITY of yours! Not just on that one day called â€Å"VALENTINES DAY†! I think it all depends on the individual’s choice. If you are in favor of doing something special on Valentine’s Day, go ahead and do it. If you feel that it’s not your cup of coffee, so be it. Spending all the excess $money$ isn’t the meaning of love  ¦; it’s the little things along with the thoughtfulness! Valentine’s Day Each year in America, Canada, United Kingdom, Mexico and Australia billions of people celebrate Saint Valentine’s Day. 85% of Valentine’s day purchases are made by women, 1 billion valentine’s day cards are sent out each year and Valentine’s day is the second largest card sending holiday of the year, the first being Christmas. Today I will share with you the history of Valentine’s Day and the legend of Saint Valentine. There are three different stories as to how Valentine’s Day became a holiday, but they all have the same thing in common, which is Saint Valentine. February has always been a month of romance and history. The roots of this holiday are based on the Christian and ancient Roman tradition. The roman-catholic church recognizes at least three different saints, saint valentine and saint valentines are the two most familiar. The first legend says that Saint Valentine was priest who served in the third century in Rome. The emperor at that time was Emperor Claudius, and he believed that the single men made better soldiers in his army, so he banned all marriages for young men at that time. Saint Valentine seeing this as an injustice was still willing to perform marriages in secret for young lovers. When Valentines secret was discovered, the legend says he was sentenced to death. The second legend suggests that Valentine may have been killed for helping Christians escape Roman prisons. Many Christians that were kept in these prisons were kept by a higher being and were tortured to death. The third story tells us that Valentine sent the very first valentine from prison. The legend says that he fell madly in love with the jailer’s daughter where he was in prison and right before he was put to death he wrote her a letter and signed it love your valentine. Now I am going to tell you how and why Valentine’s Day became a tradition and a holiday. By the Middle Ages saint valentine was viewed as a sympathetic, romantic and heroic figure. As a result of this he was considered one of the most popular of all figures in England and France at that time. Valentines death was said to be around two seventy eight A.  D. In effort to Christianise the Pagan holiday celebration of Pieria at the Lempira festival, it is said that the celebration of saint valentine’s burial was moved to the month of February. In ancient Rome February was the official beginning of spring and was considered at that time a time of purification. In France in England during the middle ages February fourteenth was the day that the birds began choosing their mates, also around five hundred A. D Pope Gelasius declared February fourteenth, Valentine’s Day. Valentine’s Day Valentine’s day is so overrated And over-hyped! A lot of people run around frothing, proclaiming their love and pledging their eternal allegiance to one another. Although it means different things to different people, many use this day for all the wrong reasons. I. e. : to show off, get free stuff, free meals etc-Etc. Ha. People even go as far as finding dates just for that one day. Crazy right? I know! When its about to be that time of the month everywhere is lit up with red stuff! I personally think it’s another way for businesses to get a lot of extra money out our pockets. If someone truly cared about you, I think you'd hear it more often than once. I mean the extra-large teddy bears, flowers, and all the excess chocolate; (which makes u gain weight anyway), and all the other stuff which is associated with v/day is cool, but why wait for that one day to show your partner how much really you care about them? Some People definitely put much emphasis on it! Why not do it all the time! I personally think that’s all part of being in a relationship. Making your significant other feel loved and appreciated all the time. This should be a PRIORITY of yours! Not just on that one day called â€Å"VALENTINES DAY†! I think it all depends on the individual’s choice. If you are in favor of doing something special on Valentine’s Day, go ahead and do it. If you feel that it’s not your cup of coffee, so be it. Spending all the excess $money$ isn’t the meaning of love  ¦; it’s the little things along with the thoughtfulness!

What is the “Prove It” Test

What is the â€Å"Prove It† Test You’ve been invited to take a Kenexa â€Å"Prove It† Test, which means it’s time to put your money where your mouth is in terms of your Microsoft Office skills. This test will help you demonstrate your abilities with programs like Word and Excel, as well as identifying any particular strengths or weaknesses. What’s on ItThe aim of this test is to â€Å"prove† that you have the skills and ability to use Microsoft Office at your new job without too much guidance or prep. Potential employers want to get a sense of what you know and whether or not you’ll be able to hit the ground running with administrative skills as soon as you start.For example, in the past, the Excel exam has tested the following skills:Opening a workbookInserting/deleting columns and rowsChanging font styles/sizesFormatting cells as currency/decimalsUsing the sum/average functionsAligning textSaving/printingAligning textCreating bordersRenaming a WorksheetChanging column widt hInserting a chart or worksheetWrapping textMerging cellsSorting by different valuesAdding headers/footersAs you can see, this is a basic overview of all the things you can do within the program. Make sure you have a good sense of all these basics, and more. The aim is not to be tentative about anything when you go in on test day- you want to be able to complete every request without much pause or confusion.How to PrepareIt can increase your confidence and help you practice. Even if you’re sure you know how to use Word, Excel, and Powerpoint, you need to make sure you don’t panic and forget everything under the pressure of an official test of your skills.Use a site like JobTestPrep to prepare with free sample questions and tips for test-taking. Or opt for a Kenexa PrepPack in which you can take a variety of tests and assessments online- with timed tests and score reports and everything. The detailed answer explanations are particularly useful for cementing concepts tha t you might not yet quite fully understand.Finally, check out this collection of YouTube Microsoft tutorials for all areas of Office. Whatever you need, that page has you covered.The ExamOnce you get to the actual exam, know that you’ll have 14 days to take your assessments. The length of each varies- from 15-30 minutes for non-technical assessments, to 45-60 minutes for more technical ones. The assessments are not timed, but this is the average amount of time needed to take them.You can’t skip any questions or return to previous screens to change your answers. But you can take the assessment again- as many times as you wish. Employers will not have access to your results, though a staffing agency might ask you to take one of these tests to determine what you’re best at- which skills on your resume are provable, and where you might match best.Good luck on your test! May you get the job you seek and prove you have what it takes.

Performance Appraisal

Performance Appraisal Performance appraisal is a process in which an employ contribution and worth to an organization is valued using accepted performance appraisal methods. There are a number of performance appraisal methods notably essay, forced distribution, graphic ranking scale, and behavioral anchored rating scale appraisal methods.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Performance Appraisal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, this report is going to give much credence to the management by objective method, 360-degree performance appraisal, and forced ranking/distribution performance appraisal. A detailed explanation of the three methods will be done bringing into perspective features that these three performance appraisal methods share in common and how they contrast to each other (Stone 1). Forced ranking/distribution performance appraisal method This performance appraisal method tries to order employees by comparing them to thei r colleagues. This helps in assessment of employees divorced from the usual specific judgments done on basis of job components. When straight ranking is to be done it is expected of the evaluator in terms of those who have the best attributes to those who have the worst attributes and those who are effective in their daily undertakings to those who are least effective in the way they do their job. It is imperative in this respect that a criterion is used. Alternative ranking slightly differs from straight ranking in the sense that it has to be done in a specific manner. Ranking like any other comparative evaluation system is fast becoming unpopular because it is discriminatory. This is so because even if employees perform well, a group will always find itself at the bottom and another group highly ranked. Ranking can also not be used to fairly compare employees across different groups, it is absolutely difficult to conclusively say that an employee ranked second in unit X is as good as or better than that employee who has been ranked second in unit Y. Nevertheless, if an organization has limited resources with which they can conduct other performance appraisal methods, the best performance appraisal they can make use of is the ranking method because it can successfully help in differentiating among employees (Stone 1).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In forced distribution, evaluators tend to rate subordinates in a given distribution. Forced distribution can be used in evaluation of myriad components of job performance as opposed to the ranking method that uses only one component. Forced distribution method is strictly used by managers who undertake to rate his or her subordinates in a given distribution. Some subordinates will fall into 10 percent low category, others in 20 percent below average, others 40 percent average, others 20 percent above average, and finally 10 percent high category. If there were 20 subordinates, 2 of them will be in the low category, 4 below average, 8 of them in the average, 4 in the above average category, and finally, 2 in the highest category. Forced distribution helps to eliminate errors that arise due to rating. These errors are normally attributed to leniency and central tendency. However, forced distribution can cause some grave rating inconsistencies because it tends to discriminate employees in cases where job performance is quite similar. This has caused a problem of acceptability of the results by the raters and ratees hence its unpopularity with this category of people. Problems of acceptability have been grave in circumstances where group members all have high ability (Stone 1). Management by objectives (MBO) performance appraisal method This performance appraisal method has much to do with the evaluator setting up specific measurable goals with employees. The evaluator has to periodically discuss with the employee if he or she is meeting these goals that he or she set to achieve. This performance appraisal program has six main steps that have to be adhered to. Featuring prominently among these steps is the need for setting up the organizations goals. The organization should come up with a clear cut plan for what they intend to do in the next year and stipulate goals that have to met. Secondly, various organizational departments must come up with their departmental goals. This is the duty of the heads of the departments and their superiors.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Performance Appraisal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thirdly, the conceived department goals have to be discussed and allocated. It is at this stage that the subordinates in the department have to be brought on board. It is important that these subordinates come up with their own individual goals to make sure that ev ery member of the department has an input into attainment of departmental goals. As a matter of fact, expected results have to be defined by setting individual goals. Heads of departments and their subordinates have to come up with performance targets that are short term. A review of the performance has to be done and results subsequently measured. It is the role of departmental heads to measure up actual performance of every member of staff with the projected results in their minds. Finally, there has to be a feedback mechanism where heads of departments conduct performance review periodically with their subordinates with a view to discussing and evaluating progress made towards achieving the set out goals and objectives (Stone, 11). This method of performance appraisal enhances better communication and coordination in an organization because of frequency within which reviews are conducted hence harmonious relationships. 360-Degree performance Appraisal In this method, the performa nce of an employee is evaluated by consulting different types of people (Farhaan, para. 1). These may be an organization’s customers, its suppliers, and an employee’s peers. Direct reports can also be used. If the performance of a manager is to be appraised using this method, it is the work of the employees to give an upward feedback on how this manager manages them. This performance appraisal method requires the human resource managers to coordinate the whole process to dispel fears associated with the leakages of ones performance among his or her peers. This can be very disappointing within an organization. This method of performance appraisal is mainly conducted to find the gap between ones own appraisal and how others may feel about it. This is critical in analyzing ones strengths and weaknesses and how this can help in improving his or her own performance. The system helps in elimination of biases among employees that is inherent with the forced distribution metho d.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is imperative to note that the system has got its own shortcomings in the sense that if many employees are unhappy it is likely that they can become potential targets. It is therefore important that a right culture is inculcated into an organization before this method of performance appraisal is made use of. This performance appraisal consumes a lot of time and its complexity may eat into an organization time and resources. Its results are always very difficult to interpret. The feedback that is continually received after the evaluation can intimidate the employees and in the process interfere with their output. Conclusion Despite the fact that Forced ranking/distribution performance appraisal method tends to discriminate against employees, 360 degree performance appraisal and MBO also have their weaknesses. The feedback that is continually received in 360 degree performance appraisal interferes with an employee’s morale and can interfere with their performance. MBO enhanc es cohesiveness in an organization because of the frequent reviews. Farhaan, Panagar. 360 Degree Performance Appraisal. 2009. Web. Stone, Thomas. Understanding Personnel Management. New York: Dryden Press, 2002. Print.

To what extent does wealth equate with happiness Essay

To what extent does wealth equate with happiness - Essay Example This was considered after recognizing that personal happiness has not increased in the Western countries regardless of the growth experienced in economic wealth (Penec, 2008:18). Brandon Keim noticed the same trend in China, where the Chinese have not achieved any life satisfaction from the two decades of speedy economic growth. The wealthy people are a bit happier than before, the middle class have not had any changes while life satisfaction for the poor has decreased sharply. This indicates flaws in the conventional system used to examine life satisfaction and happiness. Keim refers to a research conducted by Easterlin, an economist, who discovered that money only created happiness to a certain degree after which, people returned to the usual. Easterlin concluded that money could not buy happiness because after some crucial needs are met, life satisfaction begins to decline with increasing income. Of course, many theorists disapproved this theory (Keim, 2012). Domestic product incr eased by four times but surveys conducted in China showed a decrease in personal satisfaction. Could Easternlin’s theory or paradox be right after all? The wealth in China seems to be concentrated among the few wealthiest people, therefore, the surveys could have indicated just how much the Chinese people resent inequality. However, Penec’s article shows that money increases individual happiness but when the entire society becomes wealthy, people do not feel prosperous. People feel happy after they achieve a certain financial status but they get used to it and take it for granted. Other factors also play a role in an individual’s happiness, for example, type of job, stress levels, and environment factors (Penec, 2008:18). An article on The Economist, a weekly newspaper, analysed the situation in China indicating gain that the Chinese masses are not happy with their situation. In ancient China, Chinese leaders ruled by ensuring that their subjects were happy. Thi s is not the case with the country experiencing over five hundred protests every day. This shows that the people are not happy despite the immense economic success that China enjoys today. The main problem is the gap created between the wealthy and the poor, which has resulted to inequality among Chinese citizens where the poor are in a struggling situation while the wealthy decide on the country’s economy. The article tries to show that the people’s happiness does not depend entirely on a rapid economic growth but relies on proper distribution of a country’s expanding wealth (The Economist, 2012). Tim Weber, an editor, claims that there is a research that shows that money makes people happier. The only problem is that economists are finding it hard to describe happiness, therefore, making it hard to measure it. Weber notes that a high gross domestic product translates to a lower chid morality, better education, and better quality of life. These are some of the factors that economists measure when they explain happiness. Weber writes that though an individual can earn more money than everyone else, some factors such as education, literacy, life’s longevity, and health, can only reach to a certain level, therefore, an economist’s happiness cannot exceed a certain level. Weber also indicates that happiness is subjective meaning that people have

Have recent reforms increased parliaments ability to hold the Essay

Have recent reforms increased parliaments ability to hold the executive to account - Essay Example ervation of separation of powers is essential as a check on autocratic power, further symbolised in the UK by the role of Parliament as a check on the executive. With regard to the UK position, the doctrine of the separation of powers has traditionally been limited and criticised for being somewhat unclear in comparison to other democracies3. Nevertheless, it has been commented that the doctrine does in fact influence everyday operations of the executive, legislature and judiciary4 and Barnett argues that â€Å"Separation of powers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ runs like a thread throughout the constitution of the United Kingdom5.† Nevertheless, in the UK there has not been a clear separation of the branches of the state6, but rather a fusion. For example, the executive clearly carries out legislative functions and a prime example is the Law Commission. Although the Law Commission Act 1965 clearly requires the Commission to be â€Å"independent7† in reviewing law reform, its committee members are appointed by the Lord Chancellor who also grants prior approval to projects that the Law Commission will review. Additionally, the judiciary obtain their power from the Crown and there is a distinct overlap of functions between the powers, which should be separated for the effective application of the separation of powers and the efficacy of Parliament as check on the executive8. To address these inefficiencies in the constitutional notion of a separation of powers, the Government undertook what was propounded as the â€Å"biggest constitutional shake up for years9† asserted determination â€Å"to put the relationship between Executive, Legislature and Judiciary on a modern footing, respecting the separation of powers between the three10.† Official debate regarding this pledge culminated in the implementation of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (the Act), which was approved by both Houses on March 21, 2005, receiving Royal Assent on 24 March 2005. The Act introduced provisions for modifying